Women and Retirement: Can You Afford Not to Save?

Dear Carrie: For the past three years, my 29-year-old daughter has been working for a good company that offers a 401(k), but she still hasn’t started to contribute. She says she can’t afford it. How can I persuade her to get going? — A Reader

Dear Reader: I wish I had enough space in this column to share with your daughter the myriad stories I’ve heard from women about their retirement worries. At 29, your daughter may feel she has lots of time to save, but just talk to someone 65 or 75 who’s struggling with limited retirement income and the need to start saving early comes through loud and clear.

In fact, there’s been a fair amount of press recently about how women are falling behind in retirement savings. There are lots of explanations: Women put others’ needs first, or they believe they can rely on their husbands for retirement, or they’re more risk-averse when it comes to investing. But the hard truth is that we need to take care of ourselves.

Statistically, women live longer than men — and according to a 2012 report by the Department of Health and Human Services, titled “A Profile of Older Americans,” almost half of women 75 or older live alone. Yet a 2013 publication by the Department of Labor, titled “Women and Retirement Savings,” reports that only 45 percent of American working women participate in a retirement plan. Another hard reality is that women still earn roughly three-fourths of what men earn, which means their Social Security benefits are less.

To me, all this adds up to a clear wake-up call — one that women would be smart to heed as soon as they start working.

But knowing you need to do it and actually getting started are two different things. You might open your daughter’s eyes with this information, but the way to really get her going might be to give her some practical guidance. Here’s my advice.

Get the Details

Help your daughter focus on her 401(k) options. First, does the company offer both a traditional and a Roth 401(k)? Contributions to a traditional 401(k) account are tax-deductible, which would lower her taxable income now; however, she’d pay income taxes on withdrawals come retirement time. With a Roth 401(k), there’s no upfront tax deduction, but withdrawals at retirement are tax-free. If it’s available, a Roth can be a good choice for a young person who will most likely be in a higher tax bracket come retirement.

Next, have her find out whether her company matches employees’ 401(k) contributions and, if so, how much that is. As an example, let’s say your daughter’s company will contribute 50 cents for every dollar she contributes to her 401(k) plan, up to 6 percent of her salary. At the very least, wouldn’t she be able to contribute that 6 percent in order to gain an additional 3 percent?

Do the Math

The longer your daughter waits to contribute to her 401(k) the more money she’s leaving on the table. Seeing how much money she already may have missed out on may be a good incentive to reprioritize. She should go over her fixed and flexible expenses to see where she could cut back. With some real numbers in front of her, it will be easier to figure out what percentage of her salary she could direct toward her 401(k). She can start small and then increase the percentage as her salary increases.

Also, because a 401(k) contribution will come out of her paycheck automatically, she’ll quickly get used to living on a slightly smaller monthly income.

Have Confidence

The next step is for your daughter to get her savings working. Over the years, researchers have shown that women are less confident than men about investing and are more risk-averse. The Labor Department’s Women’s Bureau states that women tend to invest more conservatively than men. But though men may profess to be more confident and more comfortable with investment risk, this isn’t necessarily the wisest approach — and can actually be detrimental in terms of investing outcomes. The key here is to understand what constitutes smart risk, which means looking at what you want to accomplish and your timeline and then investing in a diversified mix of investments for the long term.

At 29, your daughter can confidently take some smart risk. She has the time to ride out market ups and downs. You might review the investing choices in her 401(k) with her and discuss the relative merits of each. Encourage her to choose a couple of diversified funds and watch what happens.

Don’t Waste Another Minute — or Dollar

Your daughter may feel she can’t afford to contribute to her 401(k) now, but I say she can’t afford not to. She should consider that if she starts saving and investing now, she could stick with saving just 10 to 15 percent of her annual salary for the rest of her working life. However, if she waits, she’ll be facing the prospect of having to save 20 percent, 30 percent or more. And if she doesn’t save at all, she may be faced with a far less secure future in which she won’t be able to comfortably afford even the basics. I can’t imagine a stronger incentive to get going!

Carrie Schwab-Pomerantz, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER ™ is president of the Charles Schwab Foundation and author of “It Pays to Talk.” You can e-mail Carrie at askcarrie@schwab.com.